Cuộc cách mạng 18 tháng 3 và sự thành lập công xã Pari

1. March 18 Revolution and Commune Council Election

At 3 pm on the 17th of March 18, the Government spent troops to occupy strategic positions in the left bank of the Sen River, and at the same time have the division to send Paris cannons. The target of attacking is mainly Mongmac Silk hill in the north of Paris to capture the firecrackers of the National Guard arranged here. At 5 and a half, the Government advanced to the opposite and occupied cannons, but could not move. Meanwhile, the alarm and the national defense gathering rise. The Paris people, a large number of women and the defense of the army came, moved forward to surround this army. The soldiers in the government army leaned towards the people, depriving the weapons of the officers and spinning the gun to kill the commander. The government army shook hands with the national defense and the Paris people.

At 9 am, government forces failed completely. The cannon remained in the hands of the national defense, the government in Paris rushed and retreated.

At noon on March 18, the Central Military Central Committee ordered the battalions to enter the city center and after only a few hours of the bronze has captured government agencies, campers and town halls. Before that unexpected and rapid failure, on the afternoon of March 18, the Chie government panicked, rushed back to Vecxai and sent here the remaining troops with plot to collect forces to counter Paris. At 10 o’clock at night, the revolutionary red flag fluttered on the hall hall and around the faces in Paris.

It was the first proletariat revolution in the world. For the first time in history, the government from the pitch was overthrown. The Central Military Central Committee became a provisional government.

At that time, the movement did not have any expectations so it was inevitable limitations and shortcomings. Right from the occupation of important agencies, the Central Committee of the National Military Defense Department did not think about the occupation of the post office and the French bank. Do not continue to attack VECXAI to smash the government troops while the division has not yet strengthened the force. The committee rushed and set the organization of the election on March 26, which should have been the most important work now to worry about the counterattack of the government. It was while the central committee took care of the organization of elections, the VECXAI reactionaries took advantage of that short time to reorganize the force.

On March 26, the Paris people voted the commune council in the bustling jubilant atmosphere. On the 28th announcing the election results, the Long Council solemnly announced the establishment. 85 delegates were elected, including 25 workers. That was the previous ratio until that time unprecedented in a government was elected by such an universal election method. 15 representatives of the bourgeois classes were elected but soon resigned and in fact they did not join the commune council. The rest of the delegates part, most of which include intellectuals, doctors, teachers, journalists, lawyers, civil servants. There are nearly 30 delegates who are international members of I in the Commune Council. Thus, the Commune Council includes representatives of the Paris working and advanced intellectuals. Although workers do not win the majority, they are true and familiar soldiers of the people, loyal and capable of serving the interests of workers.

In the Commune Council, many prominent leaders, many excellent organizers from the working class or poor people have prominent such as the castmen, the general of the commune and the Military Commissioner; Tenx other worker in charge of post office; Vaclanh, the person in charge of logistics and command the Military Commission to sacrifice heroic in the last minutes of the commune; Luido Misen was a resilient commander of the women’s militia, and was honored with the title of “Red Virgin Lady … Thousands of other proletarians were responsible for leadership in new administrative agencies in Paris and the national battalion battalions.

Participating in the commune leaders also had many brilliant external types such as Dombaropxki, Polish people as commander of Ta Ngan and later commander -in -chief of the armed forces of the commune; Like Elidauéta Dimitor, Russian, responsible for the organization of labor for women; Phrangken, Hung, Member of Finance and Industry and Trade Labor.

In the last days of March, due to the influence of the revolution in Paris, many major French industrial centers such as the green glass, La Corodo, Marxi, Tuludo, Nacbon and Limoia, the working people were uprising, gaining government and establishing local communes. But these communes, without the unified command, sporadic and discrete operations, only existed for 10 days. Therefore, the commune in localities cannot become a support force for revolutionary Pari.

The first decision of the commune decided by abandoning the permanent army – a professional army used to fight the people – and replaced by the people’s armed forces. The commune also eliminates the old police apparatus. The maintenance of security and order in the city is undertaken by armed workers.

Thus, the Paris proletariat has implemented the most important thing of the proletariat revolution, which means that the organization and armed for all the poorest and exploited parts among the people so that they can directly grasp all the state agencies, so that they can organize the authorities on their own.

The commune has replaced the bourgeoisie’s government apparatus by the establishment of the working class of the working class based on the proletariat democracy, really because the rights of the majority were exploited against minority to exploit. The Supreme Agency of the State is the Commune Council made by the general vote. The commune stipulates that members who are no longer trusted by the people may be exempted from the Bai and the State officials who are paid on par with the average salary of workers. The Commune Council issued a law and organized 10 committees to enforce the law. These committees are responsible to the Commune Council, each committee is chaired by a member of the Council. Thus, it is the members of the Commune Council for themselves, the laws issued by the Council.

Thus, the commune has established the least expensive government by canceling the two large sources of spending, the permanent army and the old official system. All state agencies are placed under the direct supervision of the commune. The commune is not only a great agency but also holds both legislative and executive power. The communal council became an action agency and under the supervision from the bottom to the masses.

The commune issued a decree to separate the church from the state’s activities, the monks must not interfere in the work of the government, and cancel the budget of religion. The properties of religious, real estate or real estate churches, all considered national assets. All schools escape all the church’s management in terms of ideology and educational programs. The proletariat is aware of the large force in society as the peasantry and trying to establish the agricultural alliance. In the circumstances of being surrounded, the commune used a balloon to spread to the countryside of 10,000 leaflets and calling for farmers, under signing “Paris workers”. In those leaflets, the proletarians of Paris clearly stated the common nature between the benefits of the proletariat and the farmers.

But the construction of the Farmers’ Union faced many obstacles, due to the misrepresentation of the Chie government and the anti -revolutionary press they divided and opposed urban workers with rural workers. For example, they believe that communal soldiers advocate to eliminate any ownership of farmers. On the other hand, because the Prussian army and VECXAI surrounded Paris, the commune could not contact the provinces.

The Paris Commune Government also clearly shows the nature and international property. There are many types of foreign participation in the commune movement. The commune accepted Phrang Ken and gave him an important responsibility in the commune council. The commune expressed his confidence in bringing the NibroPxki to the leadership of the Paris guard. It is the French leaders who have understood that the proletariat internationalism must naturally and logical with patriotism. Right from the fight, the commune took the red flag as the “flag of the World Republic”, and the red flag symbolized the revolution for the first time to become the flag of a nation. The commune also decided to break the map of Dom column not only because of the hatred of the dictatorship of Napoleon III but also because of the friendship between the peoples.

Mark as well as Lenin have repeatedly emphasized that Paris commune, in his activities, relied on the huge initiative of the masses. The commune has implemented the principle of centralized democracy. The Commune Council has absorbed public initiatives through trade unions, women, clubs and press. Lenin said that Su Su Di commune made great achievements “thanks to the sensitivity of the masses that had enlightened genius”.

2. Economic and social policies of the commune

The commune decided to assign workers to manage all the factories and factories that the owners have fled Paris. The Labor Committee is established by the Commune Council to take care of the organization of production and arrange jobs for unemployed people. The entire work of the factory is under the control of workers. Workers cooperate with the government to develop production plans and rules in the workshop. For factories that the owner remains, the commune manages the plant through the salary control. The association closed the Command to ban the owners from using the form of a penalty cup for workers. Wearing the owner of the factory to fiercely protested the decree banning the night of the bread workshop on April 20 was still enforced.

The commune sets out the regime of 8 hours (but not yet implemented) at the same time issuing the order to raise the salary for workers, deciding to lower the salary of the officials who had previously received too much. Salary is arranged according to professional capacity.

In May, the commune issued the law to specify bread prices, beef and lamb. The poor citizens with banned objects in those banned houses were returned, the rent was refunded, workers left dark, humid detectives and came to stay at the mansion of the nobles and the bourgeoisers who fled VECXAI. The commune issued a decree to ensure the civic rights of women, the plan to build children’s children and the kindergarten for children of workers.

Regarding the educational culture, the commune decided to set up a unified education system to separate education from the church, and at the same time select a new teacher to replace the old class, most of them were the father, decided to raise the teacher 2, 3 times higher than before. The commune issued an order to implement the compulsory education regime and no money, allocating school supplies for students of schools. On 12-5 also decided to set up 2 professional schools, of which 1 school for girls in handicrafts, applying art into industry. The Education Committee was established to take care of the education work.

On May 21, the commune decided to eliminate the private arts business and assign the theaters to the Theater Artist Association to manage. In order to serve the new audience, theaters offer fares greatly. The previous artistic heritage was quarterly. Paris museums are restored to preserve ancient capital, and at the same time organize the national and international communal exhibitions in Paris. The Union of Paris artists was established. Although the commune has existed very short, literature has many works, writers, and soldiers such as Ogien, Pochie, Luyen, Misen, Giuyn Valet … that is the opening step of the revolutionary proletarian literary trend in history. The highlight is the international poem of Ogien Pochie that was composed in the uprising days, later became the music and became a song unity of the international proletariat.

All socialist measures issued by the commune are the result of the close cooperation between the Commune Council and the workers and the mass organizations. For the public and working people.

The whole activity proves that the commune is a new state – a proletariat state. Paris commune is the first expression of dictatorship in the floor, but it is an incomplete and incomplete dictatorship. The main problem is that the commune soldiers still lack a proletariat. The discipline, their organization is still weak. The working class was not prepared, not yet trained, most of them did not understand the purpose of the struggle, without a clear idea of ​​their duties and the methods to perform that task; The union of agricultural alliance has not been built. On the other hand, due to the historical conditions at that time, the commune suffered some shortcomings in action. However, it is still the first model of the proletariat government.

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